ISO 445:2008 download free.Pallets for materials handling Vocabulary Palettes pour Ia manutention et le transport des marchandises Vocabulaire.
I Scope
ISO 445 defines terms relating to pallets for unit load methods of materials handling.
It also includes an informative annex listing general terms relating to materials handling.
2 General
2.1
pallet
rigid horizontal platform of minimum height, compatible with handling by pallet trucks and/or forklift trucks and other appropriate handling equipment, used as a base for assembling, loading, storing, handling, stacking, transporting, or displaying goods and loads
See Figure 1.
NOTE The pallet can be constructed with, or filled with, a superstructure.
2.2
nominal load
lowest load value, for the purposes of comparison, for the specified support conditions, independent of the type of load (excluding concentrated loads)
[ISOITS 8611-2:2005, definition 3.41
NOTE Intended use is described in 7.1 of ISO/IS 8611-2:2005 (il. The three main types of general use are as follows:
1) handling of goods without stacking or without racking;
2) handling of goods with stacking but without racking;
3) handling of goods with racking and stacking.
2.3
concentrated load
load concentrated over an area of less than 50 % of the pallet top deck
2.4
uniformly distributed unbonded load
load spread evenly across the full surface of the pallet top deck where the items are not interlocked, bound or connected
2.5
uniformly distributed bonded load
load spread evenly across the full surface of the pallet top deck, where the pattern of each single layer changes, so that the packages are interlocked
See Figure 2.
NOTE Sacks are an example of a bonded load.
2.6
solid load
single, compact, rigid, homogeneous load. supported by all the blocks and/or stringers of the pallet
2.7
maximum working load
greatest payload that a pallet may be permitted to carry in a specific loading and support condition
NOTE This will vary according to the type, distribution, arrangement and means of stabilization of the load arid the system of support. It may be above or below the nominal load (see ISO/TS 8611-2 111).
2.8
payload
Q
load carried by the pallet in use
NOTE This can be above, identical with or below the nominal load (see ISOITS 8611-2 (11).
3 FIat pallets
3.1
flat pallet
pallet with a top deck without a raised superstructure
3.2
single-deck pallet
flat pallet where the lower bearing surface area is less than the percentage specified in
ISO 6780:2003 (4.6)
See Figure 3.
3.3
stillage
platform with two uprights or four feet and with free entry
See Figure 4.
NOTE Stillages cannot be handled by pallet trucks conforming to Iso 509 (2)
3.4
double-deck pallet
flat pallet with a top deck and a bottom deck
See Figure 5.
3.5
reversible pallet
double-deck pallet with top and bottom decks, either of which can take the same payload
See Figure 6.
3.6
non-reversib
double-deck p
See Fägure 7.
le pallet allet with one Ic
ins 6uAJJE-pec
C,
3-7
two-way pallet
two-way entry pallet
flat pallet permitting the entry of the fork arms of forklift trucks and pallet trucks from two opposite directions only
See Figure 8.
3.8
four-way pallet
four-way entry pallet
flat pallet permitting the entry of the fork arms of forklift trucks and pallet trucks from all four directions
See Figure 9.
3.9
partial four-way pallet
partial four-way entry pallet
flat pallet permitting four-way entry of the fork arms of forklift trucks and two-way entry of the fork arms of pallet trucks
See Figure 10.
3.10
notched stringer pallet
flat pallet with stringers in each of which there are two notches permitting entry of the fork arms of forklift trucks
See Figure 10.
3.11
overlap pallet
flat pallet with bottom deck components layered one on top of another
See Figure 11.
3.12
free-entry pallet
fiat pallet having entries through which the fork-arm wheels of a pallet truck can pass without leaving the ground
See Figure 12.
3.13
perimeter-base pallet window pallet
flat pallet which in the bottom deck has the outer bottom components arranged as a complete frame with one or two centre bottom components
See Figure 13.
NOTE All bottom components are in the same plane.
3.14
cruciform perimeter-base pallet full perimeter-base pallet
perimeter-base pallet with two centre bottom deck components at right angles to each other
See Figure 14.
NOTE All bottom components are in the same plane.
3.15
nestable pallet
flat pallet with apertures in the top deck to accept the feet of a similar pallet for stacking when unloaded
See Figure 15.
3.16
asymmetric pallet
flat pallet which does not have the same design on either side of one or other deck centre line
See Figure 16.
3.17
wing pallet
pallet with a top deck and/or bottom deck extending beyond the outer edges of stringers, blocks, posts or stringerboards
NOTE A wing on a pallet should not be confused with a lip on a pallet.
3.18
single-wing pallet
pallet with top deck extending beyond the outer edges of, and with bottom deck flush with, stringers, blocks, posts or stringerboards
See Figure 17.
3.19
double-wing pallet
pallet with both top deck and bottom deck extending beyond stringers, blocks, posts or stringerboards
See Figure 18.
3.20
repaired pallet
pallet with new or used components replacing damaged components
(See ISO 18613 [31)
3.21
reassembled pallet
remanufactured pallet
pallet made with reclaimed components or parts with new fastenings
4 Pallets with superstructure
4.1 Post pallets
4.1.1
post pallet
pallet having posts to permit stacking, and fitted with either removable rails or gates
See Figure 19.
Figure 19-
Figure 19— P
4.1.2
fixed post pallet
post pallet with posts permanently and rigidly fixed to the deck
4.1.3
collapsible post pallet
post pallet with posts hinged to the deck
See Figure 20.
4.1.4
demountable post pallet
post pallet with removable posts
See Figure 21.
Figure 21 — Demi
Figure 21 — Palefte a
4.2 Box pallets
4.2.1
box pallet
bulk container pallet
pallet with solid or close boarded sides, one or more of which can have hinged or removable gates for access
See Figure 22.
NOTE I A box pallet can be fitted with a lid.
NOTE 2 Definitions concerning roll containers can be found in EN 12674-1
4.2.2
fixed box pallet
box pallet with sides permanently and rigidly fixed to the deck
4.2.3
collapsible box pallet
box pallet with sides hinged to the deck
See Figure 23.
4.3 Cage pallets
4.3.1
cage pallet
mesh box pallet
pallet with mesh, rodded or barred sides, one or more of which may have a hinged or removable gate for access
See Figure 29.
4.3.2
d cage pallet
e pallet with sideS perma1tlY and ngidV fixed
e declc
4.3.3
collapsible cage pallet
cage pallet with sides pinged to the decl(
4.3.4
dOfl10ta cage pallet
cage pallet with removate sides
See Figure 32
5 Pallet superstructures
5.1
collar
detachable frame with solid, slatted or mesh sides which may be fitted to a pallet or to another collar to retain the load
See Figure 33.
NOTE Collars can be rigid, collapsible or completely foldable.
5.2
pallet converter
portable pallet rack
stacking frame
superstructure, with or without infill, which can be applied to a pallet to convert it into either a box or a post pallet, or for stacking
See Figure 34.
5.3
load-retention cage
cage made from vertical sides, slatted or mesh, placed on a pallet to secure the load to two or more sides
See Figure 35.
6 Pallet components and features
6.1 Decks
6.1.1
deck
top or bottom surface of a pallet
6.1.2
top deck
flat, horizontal payload-carrying surface of a pallet See Figure 36.
NOTE The top deck can be slatted, close boarded, nbbed, mesh or solid.
Figure 36— Figure 36 — Plan
6.1.3
top deck sub-assembly top deck mat
assembly of top deckboards and stnngerboards
See Figure 37.
6.2 Wings and lips
6.2.1
wing
portion of the deck or decks which projects beyond the stringers or blocks, designed for lifting by crane attachment (sling)
See Figure 39.
Figure 31 Figure 3
6.2.2
horizontal lip
horizontal projection of the top deck beyond the stringers or blocks intended for load-retention purposes (e.g. shrink or stretch wrap), which is not intended to be used for lifting
See Figure 40.
6.2.3
vertical lip
vertical projection of the top deck intended for load retention purposes
See Figure 41.
Key
1 vertical lip
Figure 41 — Figure 41 — L
6.2.4
flap lip
flexible projection of the top deck of a paper pallet. intended for load retention purposes
See Figure 42.
6.3 Apertures (openings and entries)
6.3.1
opening
window
aperture provided in the bottom deck of a double- deck pallet to allow the fork-arm wheels of a pallet truck to bear on the ground
See Figure 43.
6.3.2
entry
side aperture provided to permit the passage of the lifting devices of handling equipment
See Figure 44.
a Entry. a
Figure 44
Figure 44-
6.3.3
free entry
entry through which the fork-arm wheels of a pallet truck can pass without leaving the ground
See Figure 45.
7 Pallet fittings
7.1
gate
side, or part of a side, of a box pallet or cage pallet. which may be hinged or removable for easier access to the contents
7.2
lid
top fitting to cover a box pallet, cage pallet or pallet collar
See Figure 67.
Figurei
Figure 67-
7.3
post
member, either fixed, collapsible or detachable, positioned vertically on a pallet to take the weight of superimposed pallets
See Figure 68.
7.5
brace
diagonal component used to increase rigidity of a post pallet or box pallet
7.6
gate hook
hook, either L-shaped or straight, for fastening rails or gates to a post pallet or a box pallet
See Figure 70.
(0
Figure 70— Figure 70— Croc
7.7
gate bracket
shaped bracket into which a gate hook fits
7.8
gate bolt
additional security device used either to prevent movement of a gate or for the assembly of a demountable box pallet
8 Mechanical fasteners
NOTE Diagrams for fastener types and their points for the assembly of new and repair of old pallets are given in
ISO 15629 (5)•
8.1 Nails
8.1.1
nail
straight fastener, made from round or square stock, usually pointed and headed, designed to be impulse driven
See Figure 71.
8.1.2
plain nail
nail which is smooth and undeformed between head and point
8.1.3
clinch nail
nail specially designed to embed its point when driven and clinched
8.1.4
threaded nail
nail which has a portion of the shank formed so as to provide increased withdrawal resistance
8.1.5
helically threaded nail screw nail
threaded nail on which the threaded portion has a medium lead angle and rolling expansion approximately equal to the depression
8.1.6
ring nail
annularly threaded nail
threaded nail on which the threaded portion has multiple ring-like threads rolled completely round the shank
8.1.7
Interrupted thread nail
threaded nail on which the threaded portion has a non-threaded zone between two threaded areas, to allow for collating by wire or plastics strip
8.1.8
barbed nail
nail on which the formed portion has repetitive indentations and ridges which might or might not be symmetrical
8.1.9
twisted nail
nail made from square-section wire with helical flutes for the full length of the shank
8.1.10
collated nail
nail in a loose reel held temporarily together by connecting wires or strips in order to feed automatic pneumatic or electric nailing tools
8.1.11
fluted nail
round wire nail with thread-crests parallel to the nail shank
8.2 Other fasteners
8.2.1
staple
round or square wire fastener, U-shaped with two legs, usually of the same length, connected by its crown, and with the legs usually pointed
8.2.2
stitch
staple-type of fastener which is formed at the point of assembly from wire coil stock
8.2.3
screw
straight, slender, pointed and headed fastener with a thread along a portion of the shank and with a slot or other indentation in the head to facilitate turning for insertion
8.2.4
bolt
threaded fastener with a coarse thread and with a square or hexagonal head
NOTE A bolt is used with washers and a nut.
8.2.5
coach bolt
bolt with square or other shape under the head to prevent turning when located
See Figure 72.
8.2.6
pallet rivet
hollow tube rivet with large head which can be pressure-peened to make a bell-shaped end
See Figure 73.
NOTE A pallet rivet is particularly useful for composite pallets where the blocks are tubular or sheet metal.
i i i i
I I I I I
Figure 73 — Pallet ri
Figure 73— Rivet de palette
8.2.7
corrugated fastener
sheet-metal-type fastener with corrugations of approximately 5 mm pitch and one sharpened edge
See Figure 74.
NOTE Corrugated fasteners are particularly useful for preventing or minimizing cracks,
z.
Figure 74— Cc
Figure 74—
8.2.8
metal connector plate
light-gauge flat metal plate with protruding teeth or barbs which are pressed into wood to connect two components or repair a broken pallet component
See Figure 75.
8.2.9
snap fitting
connection of interloddng clips formed by pressing two components together
9 Pallet usage
disposable pallet
•xp.ndabl. pallet
one.trlp pallet
pallet intended to be discarded after a single loaded cycleof use
9.2
reusable pallet
pallet intended for multiple cycles of use
9.3
captive pallet
pallet whose use cycle remains within a single firm or a closed logistic system
9.4
exchange pallet
pallet which can be replaced by a pallet of the same type on the basis of mutual agreement
9.5
pool pallet
exchange or rental pallet in a network distribution system
NOTE A rental pallet remains in the ownership of a third party.
9.6
slave pallet
rigid pallet or platform consisting of a single, thick panel used as a support base for palletized loads in rack storage facilities or production systems
10 Dimensions of pallets
NOTE When describing pallet sizes the dimensions are given in the order length, width, height (I x w x h).
10.1 General
10.1.1
pallet size
nominal plan view dimensions of pallet length and pallet width
See Figure 76.
NOTE The dimensions are commonly given in mm.
10.2.1
length
I
top deck dimension in the direction of stringers or stringerboards or, if these members are not present, the longer dimension
NOTE 1 In the case of square pallets without stringers or stringer boards, the length and width can be designated by the manufacturer.
NOTE 2 In the case of a square post or block pallet without a stringer board and having a structural panel deck, the length of the pallet shall correspond to the direction of the wood grain in the surface of the panel.
10.2.2
width
top deck dimension at right angles to the length
10.2.3
height
overall dimension vertical to the deck plane
10.2.4
end
vertical face of the pallet which corresponds to the width
10.2.5
side
vertical face of the pallet which corresponds to the length
10.3 Pallets with superstructure See FIgure 76.
10.3.1
length
1
overall deck dimension of the longer side or the side fitted with a gate for access
10.3.2
width
w
overall deck dknenslon at right angles to the length
10.3.3
height
h
overall dimension to the top of the superstructure, biduding the toot.